Obstetric and Gynaecology MCQ Set-59
Obstetric and Gynaecology Nursing MCQ Question 546:-
After ovulation, the corpus luteum formed in the ovary releases which of the following hormones?
(a) Testosterone
(b) Aldosterone
(c) Progesterone
(d) Estrogen
Show Answer
Ans: (c) Progesterone ✔
Rationale:
(d) Estrogen: While estrogen is involved in the menstrual cycle and is produced by the ovaries, it is not the hormone primarily released by the corpus luteum after ovulation. Estrogen levels decrease after ovulation, and progesterone takes precedence in preparing the uterus for a possible pregnancy.
(a) Testosterone: Testosterone is primarily produced in the testes in males and in small amounts in the ovaries in females. It plays a role in the development of male characteristics and in female reproductive health but is not the primary hormone released by the corpus luteum after ovulation.
(b) Aldosterone: Aldosterone is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands and plays a role in regulating sodium and potassium balance in the body, as well as blood pressure. It is not produced by the corpus luteum after ovulation.
(c) Progesterone (Correct Answer): After ovulation, the corpus luteum secretes progesterone, which helps maintain the uterine lining for a potential pregnancy. Progesterone is essential for preparing the endometrium for implantation of the fertilized egg and for supporting early pregnancy.
Obstetric and Gynaecology Nursing MCQ Question 547:-
Which hormone is primarily responsible for hyperemesis gravidarum during pregnancy?
(a) Human chorionic gonadotropin
(b) Human placental lactogen
(c) Progesterone
(d) Relaxin
Show Answer
Ans: (a) Human chorionic gonadotropin ✔
Rationale:
(d) Relaxin: Relaxin is a hormone that helps relax the ligaments in the pelvis and softens the cervix in preparation for labor. While it plays a role in pregnancy, it is not the primary hormone responsible for hyperemesis gravidarum.
(a) Human chorionic gonadotropin (Correct Answer): Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is the hormone most closely associated with hyperemesis gravidarum, a severe form of morning sickness characterized by persistent vomiting and dehydration during pregnancy. hCG levels rise rapidly in early pregnancy and are thought to contribute to the condition, although the exact mechanism is not fully understood.
(b) Human placental lactogen: Human placental lactogen (hPL) is a hormone produced by the placenta during pregnancy, but its primary role is to regulate maternal metabolism and support fetal growth. It is not directly responsible for hyperemesis gravidarum.
(c) Progesterone: Progesterone plays a significant role in maintaining pregnancy, including promoting uterine relaxation and preventing contractions. However, it is not the main hormone responsible for hyperemesis gravidarum. Progesterone does contribute to the gastrointestinal changes during pregnancy, but hCG is more closely associated with the condition.
Obstetric and Gynaecology Nursing MCQ Question 548:-
Time taken by the fertilized egg to reach the two-cell stage after fertilization?
(a) 10 hours
(b) 20 hours
(c) 30 hours
(d) 40 hours
Show Answer
Ans: (c) 30 hours ✔
Rationale:
- (a) 10 hours: It takes longer than 10 hours for the fertilized egg to reach the two-cell stage. The early division processes are more gradual and typically take longer.
- (b) 20 hours: While the fertilized egg undergoes rapid divisions, it generally takes about 30 hours, not 20 hours, for the embryo to reach the two-cell stage.
- (c) 30 hours (Correct Answer): The zygote typically reaches the two-cell stage around 30 hours after fertilization. The first mitotic division occurs, resulting in the formation of two distinct cells.
- (d) 40 hours: By 40 hours, the embryo would likely have progressed beyond the two-cell stage, entering the four-cell or more advanced stages of division.
Obstetric and Gynaecology Nursing MCQ Question 549:-
After menopause, increased facial hair growth and changes in voice are primarily due to?
(a) Fall in FSH level
(b) Increase in FSH level
(c) Increase in androgen level
(d) Decrease in androgen level
Show Answer
Ans: (c) Increase in androgen level ✔
Rationale:
- (a) Fall in FSH level: While follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels increase after menopause due to the lack of ovarian feedback, a decrease in FSH is not responsible for changes in facial hair or voice. FSH primarily regulates the menstrual cycle and ovarian function.
- (b) Increase in FSH level: After menopause, FSH levels increase as the ovaries lose their ability to respond to the hormone. However, this increase in FSH does not directly lead to increased facial hair or voice changes.
- (c) Increase in androgen level (Correct Answer): After menopause, the ovaries reduce estrogen production, but the adrenal glands continue producing androgens (like testosterone) at relatively stable levels. The relative increase in these androgens, which were previously less pronounced due to estrogen dominance, can lead to symptoms such as increased facial hair (hirsutism) and a deeper voice.
- (d) Decrease in androgen level: Androgens typically decrease after menopause, but the decrease is not linked to the increased facial hair or voice changes. Instead, it is the relative increase in androgens compared to estrogen that contributes to these changes.
Obstetric and Gynaecology Nursing MCQ Question 550:-
Oxygen (O₂) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) are exchanged in the placenta through which of the following processes?
(a) Pinocytosis
(b) Diffusion
(c) Facilitated diffusion
(d) Active transport
Show Answer
Ans: (b) Diffusion ✔
Rationale:
- (a) Pinocytosis: Pinocytosis is a type of endocytosis where cells engulf fluids and dissolved substances. While it plays a role in nutrient uptake in some cells, it is not the mechanism through which oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the placenta.
- (b) Diffusion (Correct Answer): The primary mechanism for the exchange of gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide in the placenta is simple diffusion. This process allows gases to move from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration. Oxygen moves from the maternal blood (higher concentration) to the fetal blood (lower concentration), and carbon dioxide moves in the opposite direction.
- (c) Facilitated diffusion: Facilitated diffusion involves the use of transport proteins to help move molecules across cell membranes, but it is not the main process for gas exchange in the placenta. Gas molecules like oxygen and carbon dioxide are small enough to diffuse directly through the placental membranes.
- (d) Active transport: Active transport requires energy to move molecules against their concentration gradient. While active transport is involved in the transfer of certain nutrients and ions across the placenta, it does not play a significant role in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide, which occurs through diffusion.
Obstetric and Gynaecology Nursing MCQ Question 551:-
The nervous system of the fetus is formed by which germ layers?
(a) Ectoderm
(b) Endoderm
(c) Mesoderm
(d) Parenchyma
Show Answer
Ans: (a) Ectoderm ✔
Rationale:
- (a) Ectoderm (Correct Answer): The nervous system develops from the ectoderm, the outermost germ layer. During embryonic development, the ectoderm forms the neural tube, which eventually gives rise to the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nervous system.
- (b) Endoderm: The endoderm is the innermost germ layer, primarily responsible for forming structures like the digestive tract, liver, and lungs. It does not contribute to the formation of the nervous system.
- (c) Mesoderm: The mesoderm is the middle germ layer, responsible for forming muscles, bones, the circulatory system, and other connective tissues. It is not involved in the development of the nervous system.
- (d) Parenchyma: Parenchyma refers to the functional tissue of organs, such as the liver or kidney. It is not a germ layer and does not directly contribute to the formation of the nervous system.
Obstetric and Gynaecology Nursing MCQ Question 552:-
What is the average age of menarche (the first menstrual period)?
(a) 10 years
(b) 13 years
(c) 16 years
(d) 19 years
Show Answer
Ans: (b) 13 years ✔
Rationale:
- (a) 10 years: Menarche occurring at 10 years is considered early, but it is still within the normal range. However, the average age of menarche is typically around 12-13 years, not 10 years.
- (b) 13 years (Correct Answer): The average age of menarche is typically around 13 years, although this can vary depending on factors such as genetics, nutrition, and overall health. This is the most commonly observed age in many populations.
- (c) 16 years: While some girls may experience menarche at 16 years, this is considered later than average. Most girls will have their first period by this age, though it may indicate delayed puberty if it happens significantly later.
- (d) 19 years: Menarche occurring at 19 years is considered very late and may indicate underlying health issues. The majority of girls will have experienced menarche by this age.
Obstetric and Gynaecology Nursing MCQ Question 553:-
Which of the following changes occur in the female genitalia after menopause?
(a) Uterus becomes smaller
(b) The vagina becomes narrower and dry
(c) Ovaries become small in size
(d) All of the above
Show Answer
Ans: (d) All of the above ✔
Rationale:
- (a) Uterus becomes smaller: After menopause, the levels of estrogen and progesterone decrease, which causes the uterus to shrink in size. This is a common change that occurs as part of the aging process.
- (b) The vagina becomes narrower and dry: With decreased estrogen production, vaginal tissues become thinner, drier, and less elastic, leading to vaginal atrophy. This can cause the vagina to become narrower and can also result in discomfort or pain during intercourse.
- (c) Ovaries become small in size: After menopause, the ovaries stop producing eggs and significantly decrease in size. They become smaller and less active due to the cessation of reproductive hormone production.
- (d) All of the above (Correct Answer): All of the listed changes occur after menopause. The decrease in hormone levels affects the uterus, vagina, and ovaries, leading to the changes described in options (a), (b), and (c).
Obstetric and Gynaecology Nursing MCQ Question 554:-
Arachidonic acid in the placenta is synthesized under the influence of which of the following?
(a) Oestrogen
(b) Progesterone
(c) Oxytocin
(d) Phospholipase A2
Show Answer
Ans: (d) Phospholipase A2 ✔
Rationale:
- (a) Oestrogen: While oestrogen plays a critical role in the development of the placenta and other aspects of pregnancy, it does not directly influence the synthesis of arachidonic acid in the placenta.
- (b) Progesterone: Progesterone is essential for maintaining pregnancy and preparing the uterine environment, but it does not directly stimulate the synthesis of arachidonic acid in the placenta.
- (c) Oxytocin: Oxytocin is primarily involved in the regulation of labor and milk ejection, but it does not have a direct role in the synthesis of arachidonic acid in the placenta.
- (d) Phospholipase A2 (Correct Answer): Phospholipase A2 is the enzyme responsible for the release of arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids. In the placenta, this enzyme acts to release arachidonic acid, which is then converted into eicosanoids, playing important roles in inflammation and the regulation of uterine contractions during pregnancy.
Obstetric and Gynaecology Nursing MCQ Question 555:-
All of the following are functions of amniotic fluid except:
(a) Protection of the fetus from injury
(b) Protection of the fetus from infection
(c) Temperature maintenance
(d) Providing oxygenation to the fetus
Show Answer
Ans: (d) Providing oxygenation to the fetus ✔
Rationale:
- (a) Protection of the fetus from injury: Amniotic fluid cushions and protects the fetus from external trauma and injury.
- (b) Protection of the fetus from infection: Amniotic fluid has some antimicrobial properties that help prevent infections from reaching the fetus.
- (c) Temperature maintenance: It helps maintain a stable temperature, ensuring a controlled environment for the fetus.
- (d) Providing oxygenation to the fetus (Correct Answer): Amniotic fluid does not provide oxygen to the fetus; oxygenation is carried out via the placenta, where oxygen is exchanged between the maternal and fetal blood.
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