Nursing Sociology Quiz Test 2 โ MCQs with Answers.
Topics Included in Nursing Sociology Test-2 ๏ผ
Test-2 covers important nursing sociology concepts includingCooley’s concept of Primary Group, endogamy and exogamy, folkways, mores, and social norms, anticipatory socialization, vertical upward social mobility, acculturation, Sumner’s in-group and out-group, extended and joint family, role conflict, informal social control, ethnocentrism, social stigma, rural-to-urban migration, urbanization, social accommodation, Social Determinants of Health (SDOH), Weber’s rational-legal authority, labelling theory, Parsons’ Sick Role, resocialization, social competition, neolocal residence, achieved and ascribed status, cultural assimilation, cultural lag, desocialization, Merton’s Strain Theory, retreatism, demographic transition, Goffman’s concept of stigma, poverty-disease vicious cycle, and Tรถnnies’ Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft.
๐ 30 key sociology areas are covered in this Test-2.
Focus on important sociological thinkers, social groups, marriage,
family, culture, socialization, social mobility, social control,
social interaction, social stratification, health determinants,
and sociology concepts relevant to nursing and healthcare.
๐ Short Notes Before Starting Nursing Sociology Test-2
๐ง Quick Revision Before You Start
This short revision covers important sociology concepts related to primary groups, marriage, social norms, socialization, social mobility, culture, family, social control, stigma, social determinants of health, authority, social interaction, social stratification, demographic transition, and sociological thinkers relevant to nursing and healthcare.
1. Primary Group โ C.H. Cooley
- Charles Horton Cooley introduced the concept of the primary group.
- Primary groups are characterized by close, face-to-face, personal, and lasting relationships.
- Family is a common example of a primary group.
2. Endogamy & Exogamy
- Endogamy: Marriage within a specified social, cultural, caste, or community group.
- Exogamy: Marriage outside a specified social group such as a clan or gotra.
- Remember: Endo = inside; Exo = outside.
3. Folkways & Mores
- Folkways are customary and everyday ways of behaving in society.
- Violation of folkways usually produces mild social disapproval.
- Mores are stronger social norms that are considered important for the moral well-being of society.
- Folkways and mores are important forms of social norms.
4. Anticipatory Socialization
- Anticipatory socialization is the process of learning the values, attitudes, and behaviors of a group that a person expects to join in the future.
- It prepares an individual for a future social role or status.
- Example: A nursing student learning professional behaviors before becoming a staff nurse.
5. Vertical Upward Social Mobility
- Social mobility means movement from one social position to another.
- Upward mobility means movement to a higher social position.
- Example: A Staff Nurse being promoted to Nursing Superintendent represents movement to a higher occupational position.
6. Acculturation
- Acculturation occurs when two cultural groups come into contact and adopt some cultural characteristics from each other.
- A group may adopt new cultural practices while still maintaining parts of its original culture.
- Assimilation involves a greater degree of absorption into the dominant culture.
7. In-Group & Out-Group โ W.G. Sumner
- William Graham Sumner introduced the concepts of in-group and out-group.
- In-group: A group with which a person identifies and feels a sense of belonging or โwe-feeling.โ
- Out-group: A group perceived as outside one’s own group.
8. Extended & Joint Family
- An extended or joint family may include parents, children, grandparents, uncles, aunts, and cousins.
- Several generations or related family units may live together and share household responsibilities.
- A nuclear family generally consists of parents and their children.
9. Role Conflict
- Role conflict occurs when a person faces incompatible expectations from two or more social roles.
- Example: A nurse may need to meet professional duties while also dealing with an urgent family responsibility.
- Role strain refers to competing demands within the same social role.
10. Informal Social Control
- Social control refers to methods used by society to encourage acceptable behavior.
- Informal social control operates through family, customs, traditions, folkways, and public opinion.
- Formal social control includes laws, police, courts, and correctional institutions.
11. Ethnocentrism
- Ethnocentrism means judging another culture according to the standards and values of one’s own culture.
- It can lead to misunderstanding or negative judgments about cultural practices.
- Nurses should respect cultural differences while providing patient-centered care.
12. Social Stigma
- Social stigma refers to negative attitudes, labeling, devaluation, or rejection associated with a person or condition.
- People with mental illness or certain infectious diseases may experience stigma.
- Nurses should use respectful language and protect the dignity of every patient.
13. Rural-to-Urban Migration
- Rural-to-urban migration occurs when people move from rural areas to towns or cities.
- Employment, education, healthcare, and other opportunities may influence migration.
- Migration can produce changes in family structure, occupation, and community life.
14. Urbanization
- Urbanization refers to the growth of urban populations and the increasing importance of towns and cities.
- It may occur along with industrialization and rural-to-urban migration.
- Urbanization can influence housing, employment, sanitation, healthcare access, and social relationships.
15. Social Accommodation
- Accommodation is a social process in which individuals or groups adjust their behavior to reduce or prevent conflict.
- It may involve compromise, adjustment, or agreement between opposing groups.
- The groups may continue to maintain their separate identities.
16. Social Determinants of Health (SDOH)
- Social Determinants of Health are the non-medical conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age.
- Examples include housing, education, employment, income, social support, and access to resources.
- These factors can strongly influence health outcomes and health inequalities.
- Nurses should consider social conditions while assessing the patient’s health needs.
17. Rational-Legal Authority โ Max Weber
- Max Weber described different forms of legitimate authority.
- Rational-legal authority is based on established laws, rules, regulations, and formal positions.
- Modern hospitals and government organizations commonly use formal administrative structures.
18. Labelling Theory
- Labelling theory explains how labels given by society can influence how individuals are viewed and treated.
- A person may begin to identify with or behave according to a socially assigned label.
- In healthcare, careless labeling can contribute to stigma and affect patient identity.
19. Parsons’ Sick Role
- Talcott Parsons described illness as a socially recognized role called the sick role.
- A sick person may be temporarily exempted from some normal social responsibilities.
- The person is expected to seek appropriate professional help.
- The patient is also expected to cooperate with treatment and work toward recovery.
20. Resocialization
- Resocialization is the process of learning new norms, values, roles, and behaviors while replacing or modifying previous patterns.
- It may occur when a person enters a new institution, occupation, or social environment.
- Example: Healthcare workers being retrained to follow newly standardized infection-control practices.
21. Social Competition
- Competition occurs when two or more individuals or groups strive to achieve a goal or scarce resource.
- The competitors may seek the same goal without intending personal harm to one another.
- Competition differs from conflict, which may involve direct opposition or struggle.
22. Neolocal Residence
- Neolocal residence occurs when a newly married couple establishes a new household separate from both sets of parents.
- It is commonly associated with greater residential independence of the married couple.
- Patrilocal: Residence with or near the husband’s family.
- Matrilocal: Residence with or near the wife’s family.
23. Achieved & Ascribed Status
- Ascribed status is a social position assigned at birth or received involuntarily.
- Achieved status is gained through personal effort, education, occupation, ability, or accomplishment.
- Professional position can be an example of achieved status.
24. Cultural Assimilation
- Assimilation refers to the process in which a minority or less dominant group becomes increasingly absorbed into the dominant culture.
- Assimilation generally involves greater cultural absorption than acculturation.
- Acculturation may occur while a group continues to retain important parts of its original culture.
25. Cultural Lag โ W.F. Ogburn
- William F. Ogburn introduced the concept of cultural lag.
- Cultural lag occurs when one part of culture changes faster than another part.
- Technology and material culture may develop faster than laws, beliefs, values, and social practices can adapt.
26. Desocialization
- Desocialization refers to the process of giving up or unlearning previously acquired roles, values, and patterns of behavior.
- It may occur during major life changes or when entering highly structured institutions.
- Desocialization may be followed by resocialization, in which new patterns are learned.
27. Merton’s Strain Theory
- Robert K. Merton developed the concept of strain in relation to social goals and legitimate means.
- Conformity: Accepts both cultural goals and approved means.
- Innovation: Accepts goals but uses different or unapproved means.
- Ritualism: Gives up or reduces emphasis on cultural goals but continues following established means.
- Retreatism: Rejects both accepted goals and institutionalized means.
28. Demographic Transition
- Demographic transition describes the historical change from high birth and death rates to lower birth and death rates.
- It is associated with social and economic development, improved sanitation, healthcare, education, and changing family patterns.
- The model helps explain changes in population growth over time.
29. Goffman & Stigma
- Erving Goffmanstigma.
- Stigma involves an attribute or condition that can lead to social discrediting or negative social identity.
- Examples may include stigma related to mental illness, certain diseases, or other socially disapproved characteristics.
- Nurses should provide non-judgmental and respectful care.
30. Poverty-Disease Vicious Cycle
- Poverty can contribute to inadequate nutrition, overcrowding, poor sanitation, and limited access to healthcare.
- These conditions may increase the risk of disease.
- Illness can reduce a person’s ability to work and earn income.
- This can deepen poverty and create a continuing poverty-disease vicious cycle.
31. Gemeinschaft & Gesellschaft โ Ferdinand Tรถnnies
- Ferdinand Tรถnnies introduced the concepts of Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft.
- Gemeinschaft: Community relationships based mainly on close personal ties, tradition, and a sense of belonging.
- Gesellschaft: More formal, impersonal, and contractual relationships commonly associated with modern society.
๐ก Exam Tip:
First identify whether the question is testing a sociologist, social group, marriage rule, culture, family, socialization, social mobility, social control, social interaction, social stratification, authority, or healthcare-related sociological concept. Then match the key term with its defining feature.
First identify whether the question is testing a sociologist, social group, marriage rule, culture, family, socialization, social mobility, social control, social interaction, social stratification, authority, or healthcare-related sociological concept. Then match the key term with its defining feature.
โ ๏ธ Remember:
Pay close attention to similar terms such as endogamy vs exogamy, acculturation vs assimilation, role conflict vs role strain, achieved vs ascribed status, competition vs conflict, desocialization vs resocialization, and Gemeinschaft vs Gesellschaft.
Pay close attention to similar terms such as endogamy vs exogamy, acculturation vs assimilation, role conflict vs role strain, achieved vs ascribed status, competition vs conflict, desocialization vs resocialization, and Gemeinschaft vs Gesellschaft.
Nursing Sociology Quiz Test-2
Nursing Sociology
โข 30 Questions
Negative Marking โข NoPassing marks โข 25+
Exam Relevance โข All Exams โข Like NORCET, RRB, ESIC, DHA, Prometric, NCLEX etc.
โข Don’t forget to comment your score โข
Q1. The concept of “Primary Group,” characterized by face-to-face association and intimate cooperation, was introduced into sociology by:
โ Correct Answer Rationale:
Charles Horton Cooley introduced the concept of the “Primary Group.” These groups have close, face-to-face relationships, such as family and close friends. The word “primary” means these relationships are very important in shaping a person’s personality and social behavior.
Charles Horton Cooley introduced the concept of the “Primary Group.” These groups have close, face-to-face relationships, such as family and close friends. The word “primary” means these relationships are very important in shaping a person’s personality and social behavior.
โ Why Other Options Are Incorrect:
A. Emile Durkheim:
Known for concepts such as social facts, social solidarity, and anomie.
C. Max Weber:
Known for work on social action, authority, bureaucracy, and rationalization.
D. William Graham Sumner:
Known for concepts such as folkways, mores, and in-group and out-group.
Q2. The rule of marriage that obligates an individual to choose a spouse from within their own social group, caste, or community is known as:
โ Correct Answer Rationale:
Endogamy means marrying within one’s own social group, caste, tribe, or community. Remember it simply as “marriage within.” This is commonly contrasted with exogamy, which means marrying outside the group.
Endogamy means marrying within one’s own social group, caste, tribe, or community. Remember it simply as “marriage within.” This is commonly contrasted with exogamy, which means marrying outside the group.
โ Why Other Options Are Incorrect:
B. Exogamy:
Means choosing a marriage partner from outside one’s own social group.
C. Hypergamy:
Refers to marriage with a person of higher social status.
D. Hypogamy:
Refers to marriage with a person of lower social status.
Q3. Customary, everyday standards of behavior that carry light social sanctions when violated are referred to as:
โ Correct Answer Rationale:
Folkways are the ordinary and accepted ways of behaving in everyday life. Breaking a folkway usually does not lead to serious punishment. For example, not following a common social courtesy may cause disapproval but usually has no legal punishment.
Folkways are the ordinary and accepted ways of behaving in everyday life. Breaking a folkway usually does not lead to serious punishment. For example, not following a common social courtesy may cause disapproval but usually has no legal punishment.
โ Why Other Options Are Incorrect:
A. Laws:
Formal rules made and enforced by an authorized government or legal system.
B. Mores:
Strongly held moral rules that are considered important for the welfare of society.
C. Taboos:
Very strong social prohibitions against certain behaviors.
Q4. The process by which an individual adopts the values, attitudes, and behaviors of a social group they aspire to join in the future is called:
โ Correct Answer Rationale:
Anticipatory socialization occurs when a person learns and adopts the behavior, values, and attitudes of a group they hope to join in the future. For example, a nursing student begins adopting professional nursing behavior before becoming a registered nurse.
Anticipatory socialization occurs when a person learns and adopts the behavior, values, and attitudes of a group they hope to join in the future. For example, a nursing student begins adopting professional nursing behavior before becoming a registered nurse.
โ Why Other Options Are Incorrect:
A. Primary socialization:
The early social learning that mainly occurs during childhood, especially within the family.
B. Resocialization:
Involves replacing old behaviors and values with new ones, often during a major change in life or institutional setting.
D. Reverse socialization:
Refers to situations where younger people influence or teach older people new behaviors or ideas.
Q5. When a Staff Nurse is promoted to the position of Nursing Superintendent, this mobility is classified as:
โ Correct Answer Rationale:
Promotion from Staff Nurse to Nursing Superintendent means moving to a higher occupational position and status. Therefore, it is called vertical upward social mobility. “Upward” means movement to a higher social or occupational level.
Promotion from Staff Nurse to Nursing Superintendent means moving to a higher occupational position and status. Therefore, it is called vertical upward social mobility. “Upward” means movement to a higher social or occupational level.
โ Why Other Options Are Incorrect:
B. Horizontal social mobility:
Means changing from one position to another at approximately the same social level.
C. Intergenerational mobility:
Compares the social position of one generation with another, such as parents and children.
D. Spatial mobility:
Refers mainly to movement from one geographical location to another.
Q6. The process wherein two distinct cultural groups interact, leading to changes in one or both cultures while both maintain their separate identities, is known as:
โ Correct Answer Rationale:
Acculturation occurs when different cultures come into contact and influence each other. A group may adopt some practices of another culture while still keeping its own cultural identity. So, cultural change occurs without complete loss of the original culture.
Acculturation occurs when different cultures come into contact and influence each other. A group may adopt some practices of another culture while still keeping its own cultural identity. So, cultural change occurs without complete loss of the original culture.
โ Why Other Options Are Incorrect:
A. Assimilation:
Involves a minority group becoming absorbed into the dominant culture, with loss of much of its distinct cultural identity.
B. Amalgamation:
Refers to the merging of different groups, often discussed in relation to biological or cultural mixing.
C. Isolation:
Means separation of a group from interaction with other groups.
Q7. The classification of social groups into “In-group” and “Out-group” based on feelings of belongingness (“we-feeling”) was formulated by:
โ Correct Answer Rationale:
William Graham Sumner introduced the concepts of in-group and out-group. An in-group is the group to which a person feels they belong, creating a “we-feeling.” An out-group is viewed as “they” or people outside one’s own group.
William Graham Sumner introduced the concepts of in-group and out-group. An in-group is the group to which a person feels they belong, creating a “we-feeling.” An out-group is viewed as “they” or people outside one’s own group.
โ Why Other Options Are Incorrect:
A. Ferdinand Tรถnnies:
Known for the distinction between Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft.
C. Karl Marx:
Focused strongly on class conflict, capitalism, and economic inequality.
D. Talcott Parsons:
Known for structural functionalism and theories concerning social systems.
Q8. A family system consisting of parents, children, grandparents, uncles, aunts, and cousins living in a common household and sharing a common kitchen is termed a/an:
โ Correct Answer Rationale:
An extended or joint family includes several generations and relatives living together and sharing household resources. In the question, parents, children, grandparents, uncles, aunts, and cousins are living together, which clearly describes an extended or joint family.
An extended or joint family includes several generations and relatives living together and sharing household resources. In the question, parents, children, grandparents, uncles, aunts, and cousins are living together, which clearly describes an extended or joint family.
โ Why Other Options Are Incorrect:
A. Nuclear family:
Usually consists of parents and their children only.
B. Matrifocal family:
A family structure in which the mother or female member is the central figure.
D. Single-parent family:
Consists of one parent living with and caring for the children.
Q9. A staff nurse who struggles to balance the conflicting expectations of working night shifts and fulfilling parental responsibilities at home is experiencing:
โ Correct Answer Rationale:
Role conflict occurs when the expectations of two different roles interfere with each other. Here, the nurse has responsibilities as a healthcare worker and as a parent, and the demands of these two roles are difficult to manage together.
Role conflict occurs when the expectations of two different roles interfere with each other. Here, the nurse has responsibilities as a healthcare worker and as a parent, and the demands of these two roles are difficult to manage together.
โ Why Other Options Are Incorrect:
B. Role strain:
Occurs when there are conflicting or difficult expectations within the same social role.
C. Role ambiguity:
Means the person is unclear about what is expected from their role.
D. Role distance:
Describes a person’s attempt to separate themselves from a role or show that the role does not completely define them.
Q10. Which of the following is considered an agency of informal social control in a community?
โ Correct Answer Rationale:
Public opinion and customs are forms of informal social control. They guide people’s behavior through social approval, disapproval, traditions, and expectations rather than through official laws or government punishment.
Public opinion and customs are forms of informal social control. They guide people’s behavior through social approval, disapproval, traditions, and expectations rather than through official laws or government punishment.
โ Why Other Options Are Incorrect:
A. Police department:
A formal agency that enforces laws and maintains public order.
B. Judicial courts:
Formal institutions that apply and interpret laws.
D. Prison regulations:
Formal rules used to control behavior within correctional institutions.
Q11. Judging another society’s cultural practices exclusively by the standards and values of one’s own culture is called:
โ Correct Answer Rationale:
Ethnocentrism means judging another culture using the standards of one’s own culture. In simple words, a person thinks their own cultural way is the normal or correct way and judges other cultures by it.
Ethnocentrism means judging another culture using the standards of one’s own culture. In simple words, a person thinks their own cultural way is the normal or correct way and judges other cultures by it.
โ Why Other Options Are Incorrect:
A. Cultural relativism:
Means understanding a culture according to its own values and social context rather than judging it only by another culture’s standards.
C. Cultural shock:
Refers to the discomfort or confusion that may occur when a person enters an unfamiliar culture.
D. Cultural lag:
Occurs when one part of culture changes faster than another part.
Q12. The negative social attitude, devaluation, and rejection directed toward individuals diagnosed with severe mental illness or infectious disease is defined as:
โ Correct Answer Rationale:
Social stigma occurs when society attaches negative labels or attitudes to a person because of a particular condition or characteristic. For example, people with mental illness or certain infectious diseases may face rejection or discrimination because of stigma.
Social stigma occurs when society attaches negative labels or attitudes to a person because of a particular condition or characteristic. For example, people with mental illness or certain infectious diseases may face rejection or discrimination because of stigma.
โ Why Other Options Are Incorrect:
A. Anomie:
Refers to a condition of weakened or unclear social norms, often associated with social instability.
B. Ethnocentrism:
Means judging another culture according to the standards of one’s own culture.
C. Social isolation:
Means limited or absent social contact with other people.
Q13. The movement of individuals from rural areas to urban centers in search of employment and better healthcare facilities is known as:
โ Correct Answer Rationale:
Movement from rural areas to towns or cities is called rural-to-urban migration. When this movement contributes to the growth of urban areas, it is also related to urbanization. People may move for jobs, education, healthcare, and other opportunities.
Movement from rural areas to towns or cities is called rural-to-urban migration. When this movement contributes to the growth of urban areas, it is also related to urbanization. People may move for jobs, education, healthcare, and other opportunities.
โ Why Other Options Are Incorrect:
B. Emigration:
Means leaving one’s country or usual place of residence to live elsewhere, commonly referring to international movement.
C. Social stratification:
Refers to the division of society into different social layers or levels.
D. Assimilation:
Refers to the process in which a group becomes absorbed into another dominant culture.
Q14. A temporary social arrangement in which opposing parties reach a peaceful agreement or compromise to avoid further open conflict is called:
โ Correct Answer Rationale:
Accommodation is a social process in which people or groups adjust their behavior or reach an agreement so that conflict can stop or be reduced. The important point is that the conflict is managed without necessarily removing the original differences.
Accommodation is a social process in which people or groups adjust their behavior or reach an agreement so that conflict can stop or be reduced. The important point is that the conflict is managed without necessarily removing the original differences.
โ Why Other Options Are Incorrect:
A. Competition:
Occurs when individuals or groups try to achieve the same limited goal or resource.
B. Assimilation:
Involves the absorption of one culture or group into another.
D. Cooperation:
Means working together toward a shared goal rather than settling an existing conflict through compromise.
Q15. Social Determinants of Health (SDOH) are best defined as:
โ Correct Answer Rationale:
Social determinants of health are the non-medical conditions that influence people’s health. These include factors such as income, education, housing, employment, food security, social support, and the environment in which a person lives and works.
Social determinants of health are the non-medical conditions that influence people’s health. These include factors such as income, education, housing, employment, food security, social support, and the environment in which a person lives and works.
โ Why Other Options Are Incorrect:
A. Genetic factors determined at the time of conception:
These are biological or genetic factors, not the definition of social determinants of health.
C. Pathogenic microorganisms:
These are infectious agents that can cause disease.
D. Hospital infrastructure and clinical equipment quality:
These can affect healthcare delivery but do not define the broad concept of SDOH.
Q16. Authority based on established legal rules, written regulations, and formal administrative positions in a modern hospital setting is termed:
โ Correct Answer Rationale:
Rational-legal authority is based on formal rules, laws, regulations, and officially defined positions. In a hospital, authority attached to positions such as Nursing Superintendent or Hospital Administrator is an example because the authority comes from the formal organizational system.
Rational-legal authority is based on formal rules, laws, regulations, and officially defined positions. In a hospital, authority attached to positions such as Nursing Superintendent or Hospital Administrator is an example because the authority comes from the formal organizational system.
โ Why Other Options Are Incorrect:
A. Traditional authority:
Is based on customs and long-established traditions.
B. Charismatic authority:
Comes from a person’s perceived exceptional qualities or personal influence.
D. Coercive authority:
Relies on the ability to use force, punishment, or threats to obtain compliance.
Q17. When a patient internalizes a psychiatric diagnosis and begins acting out passive, dependent behaviors expected of that diagnosis, this outcome is explained by:
โ Correct Answer Rationale:
Labelling theory explains how a label given to a person can influence how the person is viewed and may affect how they behave. In this situation, the patient begins to identify with the psychiatric label and behaves according to expectations associated with it.
Labelling theory explains how a label given to a person can influence how the person is viewed and may affect how they behave. In this situation, the patient begins to identify with the psychiatric label and behaves according to expectations associated with it.
โ Why Other Options Are Incorrect:
B. Structural functionalism:
Focuses on how different parts of society work together to maintain social order.
C. Psychoanalytic theory:
Focuses on unconscious processes, personality development, and internal psychological conflicts.
D. Conflict theory:
Focuses on inequality, competition for resources, and power differences between groups.
Q18. According to Talcott Parsons’ model of the “Sick Role,” which of the following represents an obligation or duty of the sick person?
โ Correct Answer Rationale:
In Parsons’ sick role, the sick person has both rights and responsibilities. One important responsibility is to seek competent medical help and cooperate with treatment so that recovery can occur. This helps the person return to their normal social role.
In Parsons’ sick role, the sick person has both rights and responsibilities. One important responsibility is to seek competent medical help and cooperate with treatment so that recovery can occur. This helps the person return to their normal social role.
โ Why Other Options Are Incorrect:
A. Exemption from normal social responsibilities:
This is considered a right of the sick person in the sick-role model, not an obligation.
B. Right to be cared for without personal responsibility for the illness:
This describes a right associated with the sick role rather than a duty.
C. Unlimited release from workplace duties:
The sick role does not mean unlimited freedom from all social responsibilities.
Q19. A mandatory retraining program where experienced healthcare workers unlearn outdated habits and adopt newly standardized infection control protocols is an example of:
โ Correct Answer Rationale:
Resocialization occurs when a person replaces previously learned behaviors, values, or habits with new ones. Here, experienced healthcare workers must unlearn outdated infection-control practices and learn new standardized protocols.
Resocialization occurs when a person replaces previously learned behaviors, values, or habits with new ones. Here, experienced healthcare workers must unlearn outdated infection-control practices and learn new standardized protocols.
โ Why Other Options Are Incorrect:
A. Primary socialization:
Mainly occurs during childhood when basic social behaviors and values are learned.
B. Anticipatory socialization:
Involves learning behaviors of a group that a person expects to join in the future.
D. Natural socialization:
Is not the appropriate sociological term for replacing established behaviors through structured retraining.
Q20. A social interaction where two or more parties strive to achieve a goal that only one can attain, without personal hostility or intent to harm the opponent, is:
โ Correct Answer Rationale:
Competition occurs when two or more people or groups try to obtain the same limited goal or resource. Competition does not necessarily involve personal hostility. For example, several nurses may compete for one available promotion.
Competition occurs when two or more people or groups try to obtain the same limited goal or resource. Competition does not necessarily involve personal hostility. For example, several nurses may compete for one available promotion.
โ Why Other Options Are Incorrect:
A. Conflict:
Involves direct opposition and may include hostility or an intention to oppose another person or group.
C. Accommodation:
Means adjusting or compromising to reduce or manage conflict.
D. Assimilation:
Refers to the absorption of one cultural group into another.
Q21. A residence pattern where a newly married couple establishes a fresh household completely independent of both husband’s and wife’s parents is called:
โ Correct Answer Rationale:
Neolocal residence means that a newly married couple establishes a completely new household separate from both sets of parents. Remember “neo” means new, so neolocal means establishing a new residence.
Neolocal residence means that a newly married couple establishes a completely new household separate from both sets of parents. Remember “neo” means new, so neolocal means establishing a new residence.
โ Why Other Options Are Incorrect:
A. Patrilocal residence:
The married couple lives with or near the husband’s or father’s family.
B. Matrilocal residence:
The married couple lives with or near the wife’s or mother’s family.
D. Avunculocal residence:
Refers to residence with or near the mother’s brother, especially in certain matrilineal societies.
Q22. In social stratification, an achieved status differs from an ascribed status because an achieved status is:
โ Correct Answer Rationale:
Achieved status is a social position gained through a person’s actions, effort, education, skills, or choices. For example, becoming a nurse through education and professional training is an achieved status. Ascribed status, in contrast, is assigned without personal choice.
Achieved status is a social position gained through a person’s actions, effort, education, skills, or choices. For example, becoming a nurse through education and professional training is an achieved status. Ascribed status, in contrast, is assigned without personal choice.
โ Why Other Options Are Incorrect:
A. Fixed at birth based on family lineage:
This describes an ascribed status rather than an achieved status.
C. Involuntary and permanent throughout life:
Achieved status is generally acquired through individual action and can change.
D. Solely determined by biological traits:
A biological characteristic may be related to an ascribed status but does not define achieved status.
Q23. The complete cultural absorption of a minority group into the dominant culture, resulting in the total loss of the minority group’s distinct cultural identity, is:
โ Correct Answer Rationale:
Assimilation is the process in which a minority or smaller cultural group becomes absorbed into the dominant culture and loses much of its separate cultural identity. The key exam point is “complete cultural absorption.”
Assimilation is the process in which a minority or smaller cultural group becomes absorbed into the dominant culture and loses much of its separate cultural identity. The key exam point is “complete cultural absorption.”
โ Why Other Options Are Incorrect:
B. Acculturation:
Means adopting or exchanging some cultural features through contact while the original cultural identity may remain.
C. Accommodation:
Refers to adjustment or compromise between individuals or groups to manage differences or conflict.
D. Integration:
Refers to participation and inclusion in society without necessarily requiring complete loss of the original cultural identity.
Q24. A gap created when material culture (technology, medical advances) progresses rapidly while non-material culture (beliefs, laws, ethics) changes slowly is called:
โ Correct Answer Rationale:
Cultural lag occurs when material culture, such as technology, changes faster than non-material culture, such as laws, beliefs, values, or ethical rules. In healthcare, new medical technology may appear before society has fully developed suitable ethical or legal rules for its use.
Cultural lag occurs when material culture, such as technology, changes faster than non-material culture, such as laws, beliefs, values, or ethical rules. In healthcare, new medical technology may appear before society has fully developed suitable ethical or legal rules for its use.
โ Why Other Options Are Incorrect:
A. Cultural shock:
Refers to confusion or discomfort experienced when encountering an unfamiliar culture.
B. Cultural diffusion:
Means the spread of cultural ideas, practices, or technologies from one group to another.
C. Cultural barrier:
Refers to cultural differences that make communication or interaction difficult.
Q25. The process involving the unlearning of previously acquired social roles, values, and behavioral patterns during severe life crises or institutionalization is:
โ Correct Answer Rationale:
Desocialization means the loss or unlearning of previously learned roles, values, and behaviors. It can occur when a person enters a setting that separates them from their previous way of life, such as certain institutional situations or major life changes.
Desocialization means the loss or unlearning of previously learned roles, values, and behaviors. It can occur when a person enters a setting that separates them from their previous way of life, such as certain institutional situations or major life changes.
โ Why Other Options Are Incorrect:
B. Anticipatory socialization:
Means learning the behavior and values of a group that a person expects to join.
C. Primary socialization:
Is the early process of learning basic social behavior, especially during childhood.
D. Enculturation:
Refers to learning and becoming familiar with the culture into which a person is born and raised.
Q26. In Robert K. Merton’s Strain Theory, an individual who rejects both societal goals and institutionalized means, withdrawing completely from social life (e.g., chronic severe substance addiction), exhibits:
โ Correct Answer Rationale:
In Merton’s Strain Theory, retreatism occurs when a person rejects both the culturally accepted goals and the usual means of achieving them. The person essentially withdraws from the expected social system. Remember: “retreat” means stepping away.
In Merton’s Strain Theory, retreatism occurs when a person rejects both the culturally accepted goals and the usual means of achieving them. The person essentially withdraws from the expected social system. Remember: “retreat” means stepping away.
โ Why Other Options Are Incorrect:
A. Conformity:
Accepts both the socially approved goals and the accepted means of achieving them.
B. Innovation:
Accepts the cultural goals but uses alternative or socially unapproved means to achieve them.
C. Ritualism:
Gives up or reduces commitment to the larger cultural goals but continues following the accepted means or rules.
Q27. The historical pattern of transformation from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as a society modernizes and industrializes is known as:
โ Correct Answer Rationale:
Demographic transition describes the change in birth and death rates as a society develops. Generally, societies move from high birth and death rates toward lower birth and death rates with improvements in living conditions, healthcare, education, and economic development.
Demographic transition describes the change in birth and death rates as a society develops. Generally, societies move from high birth and death rates toward lower birth and death rates with improvements in living conditions, healthcare, education, and economic development.
โ Why Other Options Are Incorrect:
B. Population explosion:
Refers to a rapid increase in population, especially when birth rates remain high while death rates fall.
C. Urban decay:
Refers to the deterioration of buildings, services, and living conditions in urban areas.
D. Epidemiological stagnation:
Is not the standard term for the historical change in birth and death rates described in the question.
Q28. According to Erving Goffman, an attribute that deeply discredits an individual, reducing them in the eyes of society from a whole person to a tainted one, is termed:
โ Correct Answer Rationale:
Erving Goffman used the concept of stigma to describe an attribute that causes a person to be negatively judged or discredited by society. The person may be treated as less acceptable because of that characteristic rather than being viewed as a complete individual.
Erving Goffman used the concept of stigma to describe an attribute that causes a person to be negatively judged or discredited by society. The person may be treated as less acceptable because of that characteristic rather than being viewed as a complete individual.
โ Why Other Options Are Incorrect:
A. Role strain:
Refers to difficulty or conflicting demands within a single social role.
C. Anomie:
Describes a condition in which social norms become weak, unclear, or disrupted.
D. Alienation:
Refers to a sense of separation or disconnection from one’s work, society, or other people.
Q29. A continuous cycle where low economic status leads to malnutrition and overcrowding, causing disease, which subsequently reduces productivity and deepens poverty, is the:
โ Correct Answer Rationale:
The poverty-disease vicious cycle describes how poverty and illness can reinforce each other. Poverty may lead to poor nutrition, overcrowding, and limited healthcare. These conditions increase disease, and illness can reduce a person’s ability to work, causing further poverty.
The poverty-disease vicious cycle describes how poverty and illness can reinforce each other. Poverty may lead to poor nutrition, overcrowding, and limited healthcare. These conditions increase disease, and illness can reduce a person’s ability to work, causing further poverty.
โ Why Other Options Are Incorrect:
A. Demographic dividend:
Refers to potential economic benefits that may occur when the working-age population becomes relatively large.
B. Social mobility curve:
Is not the standard concept describing the repeating relationship between poverty and disease.
C. Epidemiological transition:
Describes changes in the major patterns and causes of disease and death as societies develop.
Q30. The distinction between ‘Gemeinschaft’ (community based on close personal ties) and ‘Gesellschaft’ (impersonal, contractual society) was formulated by:
โ Correct Answer Rationale:
Ferdinand Tรถnnies introduced the distinction between Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft. Gemeinschaft describes close, personal, traditional relationships such as those commonly found in a close community or family. Gesellschaft describes more formal, impersonal, and contractual relationships found in modern society.
Ferdinand Tรถnnies introduced the distinction between Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft. Gemeinschaft describes close, personal, traditional relationships such as those commonly found in a close community or family. Gesellschaft describes more formal, impersonal, and contractual relationships found in modern society.
โ Why Other Options Are Incorrect:
A. Max Weber:
Known for social action, types of authority, bureaucracy, and rationalization.
B. Karl Marx:
Known for theories concerning capitalism, class conflict, and social change.
D. Auguste Comte:
Coined the term sociology and is widely regarded as a founding figure of sociology.
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